West Palm Beach

$69+ Cheap flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach (BDL - PBI)

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 2/18. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
BDL — PBI
feb. 25 — mar. 41
We work with more than 300 partners to bring you better travel deals

Find cheap flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach with Cheapflights

1. Tell us where you want to go

Enter your travel information like dates, passengers, trip type (one-way or round trip), and preferred cabin class then click “Find deals”

2. Select your favorite providers

We find the providers serving your travel needs. Choose up to four travel providers to compare side-by-side for flights, hotels, or car rentals.

3. Compare prices and book

Review each provider’s pricing and select the best option for you! Book through your favorite provider’s website for a seamless experience.
Cheapflights Tip: The best prices from Hartford Bradley Intl to Palm Beach Intl are usually found in January or July, booked 69 days in advance, depart on a Sunday or Tuesday and return on a Thursday

Cheap flight deals from Hartford to West Palm Beach

Cheapest flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Hartford to West Palm Beach. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on enero 26, 2026.

This Breeze Airways deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/25. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Breeze Airways is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mié. 2/187:20 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mié. 3/412:52 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/25$124
This Breeze Airways deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/25. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Breeze Airways is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mié. 3/117:20 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mié. 3/1812:52 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/25$125
This CheapOair deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/26. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure CheapOair is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 2/97:05 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
vie. 2/1312:37 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/26$126
This CheapOair deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/25. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure CheapOair is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mar. 2/108:05 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mié. 2/1812:52 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/25$128
This Travelocity deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/26. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Travelocity is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 2/95:20 pm
BDL
-
PBI
Nonstop3h 07m
Multiple Airlines
jue. 2/1211:32 am
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 1/26$129
This CheapOair deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/24. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure CheapOair is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mié. 3/117:20 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mar. 3/171:40 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/24$130
This Kiwi.com deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/26. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Kiwi.com is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mié. 2/117:20 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
sáb. 2/1412:52 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/26$131
This Breeze Airways deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/26. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Breeze Airways is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 2/27:45 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mar. 2/31:40 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/26$133
This Kiwi.com deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/23. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Kiwi.com is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
sáb. 2/217:20 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mié. 2/2512:52 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/23$134
This Breeze Airways deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/26. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Breeze Airways is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
jue. 3/126:00 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mar. 3/171:40 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/26$135
This Travelocity deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/24. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Travelocity is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 3/23:53 pm
BDL
-
PBI
Nonstop3h 11m
Multiple Airlines
mar. 3/101:40 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Multiple Airlines
Deal found 1/24$136
This Breeze Airways deal was found by Cheapflights users on 1/26. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Breeze Airways is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
dom. 3/86:00 am
BDL
-
PBI
1 stop4h 52m
Breeze Airways
mié. 3/1112:52 pm
PBI
-
BDL
1 stop4h 31m
Breeze Airways
Deal found 1/26$137

Find flight deals from Hartford to West Palm Beach

Discover tips and strategies to find the most affordable flight options for your journey from Hartford (BDL) to West Palm Beach (PBI). Learn about various techniques such as flexible date searches, comparing prices across and setting up price alerts. Use these methods to find the cheapest flights available for your travel needs. Data last updated enero 26, 2026.

Most accurate provider

FlightHub
3 stars

Most trusted provider

FlightHub
3 stars

Round-trip from

$124
(Breeze Airways)

One-way from

$69
(Kiwi.com)

Popular in

April

Cheapest in

January

Average price

$222
Provider with most accurate pricing for Hartford Bradley Intl-Palm Beach Intl flight deals.
Provider most trusted by Cheapflights users for Hartford Bradley Intl-Palm Beach Intl flights.
From Hartford Bradley Intl to Palm Beach Intl
One-way flight from Hartford Bradley Intl to Palm Beach Intl
Highest demand for flights based on searches. 4% potential increase in price ($12 potential increase over avg. RT price).
Cheapest flight prices on average. 2% potential price decrease ($8 potential savings vs. average RT price).
Average for round-trip flights in January 2026

Cheapflights Fare Finder

 
Customize your flight search to find flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 2,558,603 searches. Data last updated enero 26, 2026.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach that are best for you.

Fly from

Hartford

Fly to

West Palm Beach

Route

Depart

Return

Price

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

mié. 3/4

7:20 am-12:12 pm

1 stop4h 52m

Palm Beach Intl

lun. 3/9

12:37 pm-5:08 pm

1 stop4h 31m

$192

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

lun. 3/2

3:53 pm-7:04 pm

Nonstop3h 11m

Palm Beach Intl

mié. 3/11

8:00 am-10:50 am

Nonstop2h 50m

$192

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

sáb. 3/21

7:20 am-12:12 pm

1 stop4h 52m

Palm Beach Intl

sáb. 3/28

12:52 pm-5:23 pm

1 stop4h 31m

$199

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

lun. 3/9

3:53 pm-7:04 pm

Nonstop3h 11m

Palm Beach Intl

vie. 3/13

3:03 pm-11:46 pm

1 stop8h 43m

$201

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

lun. 3/16

4:50 pm-8:01 pm

Nonstop3h 11m

Palm Beach Intl

vie. 3/20

9:17 am-12:08 pm

Nonstop2h 51m

$202

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

lun. 3/9

3:53 pm-7:04 pm

Nonstop3h 11m

Palm Beach Intl

mar. 4/7

6:40 pm-9:35 pm

Nonstop2h 55m

$202

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

mié. 2/18

6:46 pm-12:37 am

1 stop5h 51m

Palm Beach Intl

jue. 2/19

2:45 pm-11:21 pm

1 stop8h 36m

$217

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

dom. 3/15

7:14 pm-12:32 am

1 stop5h 18m

Palm Beach Intl

vie. 3/20

6:30 pm-11:55 pm

1 stop5h 25m

$217

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

mar. 3/3

1:00 pm-4:11 pm

Nonstop3h 11m

Palm Beach Intl

mar. 3/17

7:08 pm-10:00 pm

Nonstop2h 52m

$217

HartfordWest Palm Beach

BDL - PBI

BDLPBI

Hartford Bradley Intl

mié. 3/25

4:50 pm-8:01 pm

Nonstop3h 11m

$74

Flights are sorted by cheapest round-trip flights first.

Deals found on 1/24

Showing 1-10 of 20 results
1
2

Compare providers for flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach

Provider information is updated monthly. Please note that these providers often have deals for this flight, but the availability may vary on a day-by-day basis on Cheapflights.
Use the table below to compare price accuracy, trust ratings, and cancellation policies for each provider offering flight deals from Hartford to West Palm Beach in January.
ProviderPrice AccuracyTrust Score*
ExpediaPrice Accuracy1 starTrust Score*3 stars
FlightHubPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars
CheapOairPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars
MytripPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars
Super.comPrice Accuracy-Trust Score*3 stars
PricelinePrice Accuracy1 starTrust Score*3 stars
Kiwi.comPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars

*The Trust Score is based on feedback from users after their booking experience. It measures overall satisfaction, helping us identify issues like hidden fees, problems during the ticketing process, and the quality of customer service. This score is our best indicator of the provider's quality and reliability.

  • Most accurate provider: When it comes to deals on Hartford-West Palm Beach flights, users find the pricing of FlightHub to be most consistent on Cheapflights vs. FlightHub Users can find the same prices on Hartford-West Palm Beach flight deals on Cheapflights vs. FlightHub >95% of the time. Price accuracy is based on data collected from Hartford-West Palm Beach flight searches over the past month and is updated monthly.
  • Most trusted provider: When it comes to deals on Hartford-West Palm Beach flights, Cheapflights users trust FlightHub the most. FlightHub has received a user feedback score of 3 out of 3 stars (3 being the best), meaning they have been trusted the most by Cheapflights users looking for Hartford-West Palm Beach flight deals. Provider user feedback score is based on Cheapflights searches over the past month and is updated monthly.

Best time to book a flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to West Palm Beach from Hartford with our price prediction graph.
Estimated round-trip price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach

How far ahead should I book a flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

Use this chart to determine the optimal time to book a round-trip flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach. Price data was last updated on January 23, 2026.

The price you pay for your flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach may vary depending on when you book. For the best chance of a lower fare, look to book 69 days in advance of your trip. Fares are likely to increase a fortnight or so before your departure date.

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

Currently, February is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach (average of $25). Flying from Hartford to West Palm Beach in July is currently the most expensive (average of $98). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from BDL to PBI?

Find hourly flight availability from Hartford to West Palm Beach. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated enero 26, 2026.

It’s typically best to fly out from Hartford to West Palm Beach in the afternoon. Doing so could potentially save you 20% on the flight price compared to flying in the evening, which is usually more expensive.

What is the cheapest day to fly from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

Use this chart to determine the cheapest time to fly round-trip from Hartford to West Palm Beach. Price data was last updated on January 24, 2026.

Travelers seeking maximum savings on their Hartford to West Palm Beach flight should consider departing on Tuesday at noon when fares are most often at their lowest. Friday evenings flights should be avoided if possible as fares are typically the most expensive at this time.

Reviews of airlines servicing West Palm Beach

Get insights into the airlines that provide service to West Palm Beach. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to West Palm Beach. Reviews last updated enero 26, 2026.
See what other customers who have flown with Breeze Airways, Southwest, and Delta from Hartford to West Palm Beach have to say. You can also see how each airline compares in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.

Comfort

8.2

Boarding

8.3

Overall

8.2

Entertainment

6.6

Crew

8.7

Food

6.7

Reviews

1 / 17
2.0
Mediocre

Justine,Jan 2026

RDU - MCO

1/10, I have never experienced the amount of delays, my flight was supposed to board at 8:34pm, we didn’t board until 3:35am from RDU. The staff got rude and very disrespectful when you asked what was going on it was like we didn’t board until something wrong or were pestering them for answers. I was 1 question 1 time, they were not communicating with us at all. So when our plane was now 6+ hrs delayed and nothing was being said to us .. yeah I think we have a right to ask a question. Everything took so long and was such a process; I have never experienced this before and I’m a frequent flyer, breeze makes spirit airlines look like a 100/10 airline.

Comfort

8.2

Boarding

8.3

Overall

8.2

Entertainment

6.6

Crew

8.7

Food

6.7

Reviews

1 / 17
2.0
Mediocre

Justine,Jan 2026

RDU - MCO

1/10, I have never experienced the amount of delays, my flight was supposed to board at 8:34pm, we didn’t board until 3:35am from RDU. The staff got rude and very disrespectful when you asked what was going on it was like we didn’t board until something wrong or were pestering them for answers. I was 1 question 1 time, they were not communicating with us at all. So when our plane was now 6+ hrs delayed and nothing was being said to us .. yeah I think we have a right to ask a question. Everything took so long and was such a process; I have never experienced this before and I’m a frequent flyer, breeze makes spirit airlines look like a 100/10 airline.

Comfort

8.2

Boarding

8.3

Overall

8.2

Entertainment

6.6

Crew

8.7

Food

6.7

Reviews

1 / 17
2.0
Mediocre

Justine,Jan 2026

RDU - MCO

1/10, I have never experienced the amount of delays, my flight was supposed to board at 8:34pm, we didn’t board until 3:35am from RDU. The staff got rude and very disrespectful when you asked what was going on it was like we didn’t board until something wrong or were pestering them for answers. I was 1 question 1 time, they were not communicating with us at all. So when our plane was now 6+ hrs delayed and nothing was being said to us .. yeah I think we have a right to ask a question. Everything took so long and was such a process; I have never experienced this before and I’m a frequent flyer, breeze makes spirit airlines look like a 100/10 airline.

Comfort

8.2

Boarding

8.3

Overall

8.2

Entertainment

6.6

Crew

8.7

Food

6.7

Reviews

1 / 17
2.0
Mediocre

Justine,Jan 2026

RDU - MCO

1/10, I have never experienced the amount of delays, my flight was supposed to board at 8:34pm, we didn’t board until 3:35am from RDU. The staff got rude and very disrespectful when you asked what was going on it was like we didn’t board until something wrong or were pestering them for answers. I was 1 question 1 time, they were not communicating with us at all. So when our plane was now 6+ hrs delayed and nothing was being said to us .. yeah I think we have a right to ask a question. Everything took so long and was such a process; I have never experienced this before and I’m a frequent flyer, breeze makes spirit airlines look like a 100/10 airline.

Comfort

8.2

Boarding

8.3

Overall

8.2

Entertainment

6.6

Crew

8.7

Food

6.7

Reviews

1 / 17
2.0
Mediocre

Justine,Jan 2026

RDU - MCO

1/10, I have never experienced the amount of delays, my flight was supposed to board at 8:34pm, we didn’t board until 3:35am from RDU. The staff got rude and very disrespectful when you asked what was going on it was like we didn’t board until something wrong or were pestering them for answers. I was 1 question 1 time, they were not communicating with us at all. So when our plane was now 6+ hrs delayed and nothing was being said to us .. yeah I think we have a right to ask a question. Everything took so long and was such a process; I have never experienced this before and I’m a frequent flyer, breeze makes spirit airlines look like a 100/10 airline.

Comfort

8.2

Boarding

8.3

Overall

8.2

Entertainment

6.6

Crew

8.7

Food

6.7

Reviews

1 / 17
2.0
Mediocre

Justine,Jan 2026

RDU - MCO

1/10, I have never experienced the amount of delays, my flight was supposed to board at 8:34pm, we didn’t board until 3:35am from RDU. The staff got rude and very disrespectful when you asked what was going on it was like we didn’t board until something wrong or were pestering them for answers. I was 1 question 1 time, they were not communicating with us at all. So when our plane was now 6+ hrs delayed and nothing was being said to us .. yeah I think we have a right to ask a question. Everything took so long and was such a process; I have never experienced this before and I’m a frequent flyer, breeze makes spirit airlines look like a 100/10 airline.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Hartford to West Palm Beach. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.
  • What airports do I use to fly from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

    To fly from Hartford to West Palm Beach, you need to book a flight from Bradley Intl (BDL) to Palm Beach Intl (PBI). Nonstop flights to Palm Beach Intl from Hartford Bradley Intl take 2h 57m on average. When it comes time to book airfare, you have a few options: there are 2 outbound flights from Bradley Intl to Palm Beach Intl offered by 7 different airlines.

  • How popular is this Hartford to West Palm Beach flight route?

  • How long is the flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

    There are many flights that can get you from Hartford to West Palm Beach in 3h 11m. Fly via Breeze Airways or JetBlue to get the fastest option. Hartford and West Palm Beach are separated by a distance of 1134 mi. When browsing for deals, the options you’ll see will be for both nonstop flights and flights with stops.

  • What are the cheapest airlines flying from Hartford to West Palm Beach round-trip?

    Currently priced at $61, Spirit Airlines will fly you from Hartford to West Palm Beach and back. In addition to Spirit Airlines, many other airlines offer competitively priced options for your trip. Search Cheapflights for deals from Breeze Airways and Avelo Airlines - these airlines can fly you to your destination from $88 and $108, respectively. Spirit Airlines is priced at 77% lower than the current average price of a flight leaving 3 months from now.

  • What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Hartford to West Palm Beach one-way?

    The cheapest airlines for a one-way flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach are Breeze Airways ($44), Southwest ($75), and JetBlue ($78).

  • What are the cheapest flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

    The cheapest flight price from Hartford to West Palm Beach is $64. On average you can expect to pay $238. The most popular route, (Hartford Bradley Intl - Palm Beach Intl), can usually be booked for $107.

  • Can I find deals for flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach that include hotel bookings?

    Yes. In addition to deals on Hartford to West Palm Beach flights, Cheapflights offers vacation packages that include both flights and hotel.

  • How can I find direct flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

    After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach.

  • Can I find deals for business class flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

    Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Hartford to West Palm Beach by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

  • What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach?

    Currently, February is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Hartford to West Palm Beach (average of $25). Flying from Hartford to West Palm Beach in July is currently the most expensive (average of $98). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

See more FAQs

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for Hartford to West Palm Beach

See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.

Top 7 airlines flying from Hartford to West Palm Beach

Discover the top 7 airlines that operate flights from Hartford to West Palm Beach. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 2,558,603 searches. Data last updated enero 26, 2026.
AirlineCheapestAverageFlexibilityOn-time
Spirit AirlinesCheapest$61Average$124FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time65%
Breeze AirwaysCheapest$88Average$173FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-timeN/A
Avelo AirlinesCheapest$108Average$186FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-timeN/A
DeltaCheapest$108Average$261FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-timeN/A
JetBlueCheapest$150Average$292FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time62%
SouthwestCheapest$150Average$266FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time63%
American AirlinesCheapest$158Average$221FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time71%

100% Free

Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.

Book with Flexibility

Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees

Travel Smart

Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.