HomeSearch by dateVacation packagesHotelsFlight dealsCar rentalTravel tips & news
Kazakhstan

$732+ Cheap flights from San Francisco (SFO) to Kazakhstan

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 6/24. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
SFO — ALA
jun. 21 — jun. 281
sáb. 6/21
sáb. 6/28
1 adult, Economy
We work with more than 300 partners to bring you better travel deals

Find cheap flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan with Cheapflights

1. Tell us where you want to go

Enter your travel information like dates, passengers, trip type (one-way or round trip), and preferred cabin class then click “Find deals”

2. Select your favorite providers

We find the providers serving your travel needs. Choose up to four travel providers to compare side-by-side for flights, hotels, or car rentals.

3. Compare prices and book

Review each provider’s pricing and select the best option for you! Book through your favorite provider’s website for a seamless experience.

Cheap flight deals from San Francisco to Kazakhstan

Keep the following information in mind while searching for San Francisco to Kazakhstan flight deals. Data was last updated junio 16, 2025.

Round-trip from

$1,236
(FlightHub)

One-way from

$732
(Kiwi.com)

Popular in

June

Cheapest in

January

Average price

$1,731
From San Francisco to Kazakhstan
Search Deals
One-way flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan
Search Deals
Highest demand for flights based on searches. 17% potential increase in price ($256 potential increase over avg. RT price).
Search Deals
Cheapest flight prices on average. 3% potential price decrease ($46 potential savings vs. average RT price).
Search Deals
Average for round-trip flights in June 2025
Search Deals

Find flight deals from San Francisco to Kazakhstan

Cheapest flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan
Explore the most affordable flight options available from San Francisco to Kazakhstan. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on junio 16, 2025.

This FlightHub deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure FlightHub is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
jue. 7/246:45 pmSFO - NQZ
1 stop24h 50mTurkish Airlines
jue. 8/219:10 amNQZ - SFO
1 stop37h 25mTurkish Airlines
Deal found 6/14$1,236
This oojo deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/16. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure oojo is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
jue. 7/316:45 pmSFO - ALA
1 stop25h 25mTurkish Airlines
jue. 8/75:35 amALA - SFO
1 stop41h 00mTurkish Airlines
Deal found 6/16$1,258
This Kiwi.com deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Kiwi.com is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 7/2110:00 amSFO - ALA
1 stop30h 00mMultiple Airlines
mié. 8/133:45 amALA - SFO
1 stop22h 15mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 6/14$1,266
This oojo deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure oojo is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mar. 7/155:05 pmSFO - ALA
1 stop23h 00mEmirates
mié. 8/133:45 amALA - SFO
1 stop22h 15mEmirates
Deal found 6/14$1,315
This FlightHub deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure FlightHub is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
dom. 7/611:30 pmSFO - ALA
1 stop33h 20mAsiana Airlines
jue. 7/1710:10 pmALA - SFO
1 stop29h 50mAsiana Airlines
Deal found 6/14$1,330
This oojo deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure oojo is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mié. 10/293:45 pmSFO - NQZ
2 stops27h 55mMultiple Airlines
vie. 11/288:45 amNQZ - SFO
2 stops40h 40mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 6/14$1,354
This oojo deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/15. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure oojo is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 7/213:55 pmSFO - ALA
1 stop22h 05mQatar Airways
mié. 8/133:30 amALA - SFO
1 stop22h 05mQatar Airways
Deal found 6/15$1,364
This Gurufare deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/16. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Gurufare is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
vie. 8/82:40 pmSFO - NQZ
1 stop19h 35mLufthansa
sáb. 8/1611:25 pmNQZ - SFO
2 stops25h 15mLufthansa
Deal found 6/16$1,667
This United Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure United Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
mar. 7/297:30 pmSFO - ALA
2 stops39h 35mUnited Airlines
lun. 8/43:15 amALA - SFO
2 stops43h 23mUnited Airlines
Deal found 6/14$1,702
This Gurufare deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/16. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Gurufare is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 7/712:00 pmSFO - ALA
1 stop43h 35mChina Eastern
mié. 8/68:50 pmALA - SFO
1 stop24h 15mChina Eastern
Deal found 6/16$1,731
This Lufthansa deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/15. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Lufthansa is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
lun. 7/219:05 pmSFO - ALA
2 stops62h 00mLufthansa
mié. 8/131:30 amALA - SFO
2 stops28h 20mLufthansa
Deal found 6/15$1,815
This Gurufare deal was found by Cheapflights users on 6/14. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Gurufare is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
jue. 8/71:05 amSFO - NQZ
2 stops46h 00mCathay Pacific
sáb. 8/168:15 pmNQZ - SFO
2 stops33h 35mCathay Pacific
Deal found 6/14$2,470

Cheapflights Fare Finder

Customize your flight search to find flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 2,558,603 searches. Data last updated junio 16, 2025.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan that are best for you.

Fly from

San Francisco

Fly to

Kazakhstan

Route

Depart

Return

Price

San FranciscoAstana

SFO - NQZ

SFONQZ

San Francisco

jue. 7/24

6:45 pm-7:35 am

1 stop24h 50m

Astana Nursultan Nazarbayev Intl

jue. 8/21

9:10 am-10:35 am

1 stop37h 25m

$1,236

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

jue. 7/31

6:45 pm-8:10 am

1 stop25h 25m

Almaty

jue. 8/7

5:35 am-10:35 am

1 stop41h 00m

$1,258

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

lun. 7/21

10:00 am-4:00 am

1 stop30h 00m

Almaty

mié. 8/13

3:45 am-2:00 pm

1 stop22h 15m

$1,266

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

mar. 7/15

5:05 pm-4:05 am

1 stop23h 00m

Almaty

mié. 8/13

3:45 am-2:00 pm

1 stop22h 15m

$1,315

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

dom. 7/6

11:30 pm-8:50 pm

1 stop33h 20m

Almaty

jue. 7/17

10:10 pm-4:00 pm

1 stop29h 50m

$1,330

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

lun. 7/21

3:55 pm-2:00 am

1 stop22h 05m

Almaty

mié. 8/13

3:30 am-1:35 pm

1 stop22h 05m

$1,364

San FranciscoAstana

SFO - NQZ

SFONQZ

San Francisco

vie. 8/8

3:55 pm-7:40 am

2 stops27h 45m

Astana Nursultan Nazarbayev Intl

vie. 8/22

11:40 am-1:35 pm

2 stops37h 55m

$1,367

San FranciscoAstana

SFO - NQZ

SFONQZ

San Francisco

vie. 8/8

2:40 pm-10:15 pm

1 stop19h 35m

Astana Nursultan Nazarbayev Intl

sáb. 8/16

11:25 pm-12:40 pm

2 stops25h 15m

$1,667

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

mar. 7/29

7:30 pm-11:05 pm

2 stops39h 35m

Almaty

lun. 8/4

3:15 am-10:38 am

2 stops43h 23m

$1,702

San FranciscoAlmaty

SFO - ALA

SFOALA

San Francisco

lun. 7/7

12:00 pm-7:35 pm

1 stop43h 35m

Almaty

mié. 8/6

8:50 pm-9:05 am

1 stop24h 15m

$1,731

Flights are sorted by cheapest round-trip flights first.

Deals found on 6/15

Showing 1-10 of 20 results
1
2

Best time to book a flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Kazakhstan from San Francisco with our price prediction graph.
Estimated round-trip price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan?

Currently, September is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan (average of $1,008). Flying from San Francisco to Kazakhstan in June is currently the most expensive (average of $1,502). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from SFO to KZ?

Find hourly flight availability from San Francisco to Kazakhstan. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated junio 16, 2025.

When flying from San Francisco to Kazakhstan, the time of day you decide to fly out makes little to no difference towards the overall price you’ll pay on tickets.

Rainfall in Kazakhstan by month

Plan your trip to Kazakhstan by taking into account the average rainfall totals by month.

In terms of precipitation, rainfall in Kazakhstan ranges from 0.8 - 3.5 inches per month. April is typically the wettest month, when rainfall can reach 3.5 in. January is typically the driest time to visit Kazakhstan when rainfall is around 0.8 in.

Temperature in Kazakhstan by month

Plan your trip to Kazakhstan by taking into account the average temperature totals by month.

If weather is an important factor for your trip to Kazakhstan, use this chart to help with planning. For those seeking warmer temperatures, July is the ideal time of year to visit, when temperatures reach an average of 75.2 F. Travelers looking to avoid the cold should look outside of January, when temperatures are typically at their lowest (around 23.0 F).

Reviews of airlines servicing Kazakhstan

Get insights into the airlines that provide service to Kazakhstan. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to Kazakhstan. Reviews last updated junio 16, 2025.
See what other customers who have flown with Asiana Airlines, Emirates and Cathay Pacific from San Francisco to Kazakhstan have to say. You can also see how each airline compares in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews

Crew

8.5

Entertainment

7.8

Overall

8.2

Boarding

8.4

Food

8.0

Comfort

8.0

Reviews

1 / 20
2.0
Mediocre

Anonymous,Jun 2025

IAH - LAX

My flight out of Houston was delayed 3 hours which put my Incheon connection in jeopardy. After 4 calls to United and Asiana I finally understood United had to rebook the flight for me not Asiana. Then the United flight arrived and it was determined I possibly could make the connection. I asked for a wheelchair as I am 80 years old and I knew I couldn’t run for the connection. Long story short there was no wheelchair waiting- no personnel available to help when I arrived LA. I missed my flight and spent two hours in the LA airport trying to get rebooked- locate my luggage and figure out how to get to the Hotel United provided. Fortunately there were no problems with the Asiana flight the next day. They upgraded my seat, had a wheelchair waiting at Incheon and made sure my luggage was taken care of. I understand there can be unavoidable delays but as a customer I need to be assured united will work to fix the problem for me not add to my distress.
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews

Crew

8.5

Entertainment

7.8

Overall

8.2

Boarding

8.4

Food

8.0

Comfort

8.0

Reviews

1 / 20
2.0
Mediocre

Anonymous,Jun 2025

IAH - LAX

My flight out of Houston was delayed 3 hours which put my Incheon connection in jeopardy. After 4 calls to United and Asiana I finally understood United had to rebook the flight for me not Asiana. Then the United flight arrived and it was determined I possibly could make the connection. I asked for a wheelchair as I am 80 years old and I knew I couldn’t run for the connection. Long story short there was no wheelchair waiting- no personnel available to help when I arrived LA. I missed my flight and spent two hours in the LA airport trying to get rebooked- locate my luggage and figure out how to get to the Hotel United provided. Fortunately there were no problems with the Asiana flight the next day. They upgraded my seat, had a wheelchair waiting at Incheon and made sure my luggage was taken care of. I understand there can be unavoidable delays but as a customer I need to be assured united will work to fix the problem for me not add to my distress.
Emirates
8.1
Very good
3,267 reviews
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews

Crew

8.5

Entertainment

7.8

Overall

8.2

Boarding

8.4

Food

8.0

Comfort

8.0

Reviews

1 / 20
2.0
Mediocre

Anonymous,Jun 2025

IAH - LAX

My flight out of Houston was delayed 3 hours which put my Incheon connection in jeopardy. After 4 calls to United and Asiana I finally understood United had to rebook the flight for me not Asiana. Then the United flight arrived and it was determined I possibly could make the connection. I asked for a wheelchair as I am 80 years old and I knew I couldn’t run for the connection. Long story short there was no wheelchair waiting- no personnel available to help when I arrived LA. I missed my flight and spent two hours in the LA airport trying to get rebooked- locate my luggage and figure out how to get to the Hotel United provided. Fortunately there were no problems with the Asiana flight the next day. They upgraded my seat, had a wheelchair waiting at Incheon and made sure my luggage was taken care of. I understand there can be unavoidable delays but as a customer I need to be assured united will work to fix the problem for me not add to my distress.
Cathay Pacific
7.5
Good
893 reviews
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews

Crew

8.5

Entertainment

7.8

Overall

8.2

Boarding

8.4

Food

8.0

Comfort

8.0

Reviews

1 / 20
2.0
Mediocre

Anonymous,Jun 2025

IAH - LAX

My flight out of Houston was delayed 3 hours which put my Incheon connection in jeopardy. After 4 calls to United and Asiana I finally understood United had to rebook the flight for me not Asiana. Then the United flight arrived and it was determined I possibly could make the connection. I asked for a wheelchair as I am 80 years old and I knew I couldn’t run for the connection. Long story short there was no wheelchair waiting- no personnel available to help when I arrived LA. I missed my flight and spent two hours in the LA airport trying to get rebooked- locate my luggage and figure out how to get to the Hotel United provided. Fortunately there were no problems with the Asiana flight the next day. They upgraded my seat, had a wheelchair waiting at Incheon and made sure my luggage was taken care of. I understand there can be unavoidable delays but as a customer I need to be assured united will work to fix the problem for me not add to my distress.
China Southern
7.5
Good
99 reviews
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews

Crew

8.5

Entertainment

7.8

Overall

8.2

Boarding

8.4

Food

8.0

Comfort

8.0

Reviews

1 / 20
2.0
Mediocre

Anonymous,Jun 2025

IAH - LAX

My flight out of Houston was delayed 3 hours which put my Incheon connection in jeopardy. After 4 calls to United and Asiana I finally understood United had to rebook the flight for me not Asiana. Then the United flight arrived and it was determined I possibly could make the connection. I asked for a wheelchair as I am 80 years old and I knew I couldn’t run for the connection. Long story short there was no wheelchair waiting- no personnel available to help when I arrived LA. I missed my flight and spent two hours in the LA airport trying to get rebooked- locate my luggage and figure out how to get to the Hotel United provided. Fortunately there were no problems with the Asiana flight the next day. They upgraded my seat, had a wheelchair waiting at Incheon and made sure my luggage was taken care of. I understand there can be unavoidable delays but as a customer I need to be assured united will work to fix the problem for me not add to my distress.
Qatar Airways
7.4
Good
3,591 reviews
Asiana Airlines
8.2
Very good
441 reviews

Crew

8.5

Entertainment

7.8

Overall

8.2

Boarding

8.4

Food

8.0

Comfort

8.0

Reviews

1 / 20
2.0
Mediocre

Anonymous,Jun 2025

IAH - LAX

My flight out of Houston was delayed 3 hours which put my Incheon connection in jeopardy. After 4 calls to United and Asiana I finally understood United had to rebook the flight for me not Asiana. Then the United flight arrived and it was determined I possibly could make the connection. I asked for a wheelchair as I am 80 years old and I knew I couldn’t run for the connection. Long story short there was no wheelchair waiting- no personnel available to help when I arrived LA. I missed my flight and spent two hours in the LA airport trying to get rebooked- locate my luggage and figure out how to get to the Hotel United provided. Fortunately there were no problems with the Asiana flight the next day. They upgraded my seat, had a wheelchair waiting at Incheon and made sure my luggage was taken care of. I understand there can be unavoidable delays but as a customer I need to be assured united will work to fix the problem for me not add to my distress.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from San Francisco to Kazakhstan. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.

  • What airport do you fly from for flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan?

    If you book a flight to Kazakhstan from San Francisco, you will be flying from San Francisco, which is the city’s only airport. San Francisco (SFO) is located 11.8 mi from the center of San Francisco.

  • What are the cheapest airlines to fly from San Francisco to Kazakhstan one-way?

    The cheapest airline one-way is Qatar Airways, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as $952. However, be on the lookout for offers from Asiana Airlines and Emirates, as they are both options that can get you from San Francisco to Kazakhstan for a low price.

  • What are the most popular routes from San Francisco to Kazakhstan?

    When deciding which route to take from San Francisco to Kazakhstan consider San Francisco - Almaty, San Francisco - Astana Nursultan Nazarbayev Intl or San Francisco - Aktobe as they are the most popular.

  • Can I find deals for flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan that include hotel bookings?

    Yes. In addition to deals on San Francisco to Kazakhstan flights, Cheapflights offers vacation packages that include both flights and hotel.

  • How can I find direct flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan?

    After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan.

  • Can I find deals for business class flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan?

    Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from San Francisco to Kazakhstan by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

  • What is the cheapest month to book a flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan?

    Currently, September is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from San Francisco to Kazakhstan (average of $1,008). Flying from San Francisco to Kazakhstan in June is currently the most expensive (average of $1,502). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

See more FAQs

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for San Francisco to Kazakhstan

See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.
Los Angeles to Haneda flights
Los Angeles to Narita flights
San Francisco to Haneda flights
Los Angeles to Manila flights
San Francisco to Narita flights
Los Angeles to Suvarnabhumi flights
San Francisco to Manila flights
San Francisco to New Delhi flights
Los Angeles to Incheon Intl flights
San Francisco to Ho Chi Minh City flights
Ontario to Narita flights
San Francisco to Hong Kong flights
San Francisco to Suvarnabhumi flights
San Francisco to Mumbai flights
San Diego to Narita flights
Los Angeles to Taiwan Taoyuan Intl flights
San Francisco to Taiwan Taoyuan Intl flights
Los Angeles to Ho Chi Minh City flights
Ontario to Haneda flights
Los Angeles to Kansai Intl flights
Los Angeles to Hong Kong flights
San Francisco to Hongqiao Intl flights
Ontario to Suvarnabhumi flights
Los Angeles to Hongqiao Intl flights
San Francisco to Pu Dong flights
San Francisco to Bangalore flights
San Francisco to Incheon Intl flights
San Francisco to Singapore flights
Ontario to Manila flights
Los Angeles to Gimpo Intl flights
Los Angeles to Pu Dong flights
San Diego to Haneda flights
Los Angeles to Singapore flights
Burbank to Narita flights
San Francisco to Kansai Intl flights
San Diego to Suvarnabhumi flights
Santa Ana to Suvarnabhumi flights
San Francisco to Sung Shan flights
San Francisco to Hyderabad flights
Los Angeles to Sung Shan flights
Burbank to Manila flights
Los Angeles to New Delhi flights
San Jose to Manila flights
San Jose to New Delhi flights
Oakland to Narita flights
San Francisco to Gimpo Intl flights
San Francisco to Capital flights
Los Angeles to Denpasar flights
Los Angeles to Mumbai flights
San Francisco to Denpasar flights

Top 4 airlines flying from San Francisco to Kazakhstan

Discover the top 4 airlines that operate flights from San Francisco to Kazakhstan. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 2,558,603 searches. Data last updated junio 16, 2025.
AirlineCheapestAverageFlexibilityOn-time
EmiratesCheapest$753Average$1,154FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time75%
Qatar AirwaysCheapest$913Average$1,166FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time68%
Turkish AirlinesCheapest$971Average$1,244FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time77%
Asiana AirlinesCheapest$1,488Average$1,777FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time76%

100% Free

Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.

Book with Flexibility

Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees

Travel Smart

Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.