HomeSearch by dateVacation packagesHotelsFlight dealsCar rentalTravel tips & news
Rio de Janeiro

$293+ Cheap flights from Boston (BOS) to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (RIO)

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 2/27. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.
BOS — RIO
Jan 11 — Jan 181
Sun 1/11
Sun 1/18
1 adult, Economy
We work with more than 300 partners to bring you better travel deals

Find cheap flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro with Cheapflights

1. Tell us where you want to go

Enter your travel information like dates, passengers, trip type (one-way or round trip), and preferred cabin class then click “Find deals”

2. Select your favorite providers

We find the providers serving your travel needs. Choose up to four travel providers to compare side-by-side for flights, hotels, or car rentals.

3. Compare prices and book

Review each provider’s pricing and select the best option for you! Book through your favorite provider’s website for a seamless experience.

Cheapflights Tip: The best prices from Boston Logan Intl to Rio de Janeiro are usually found in October or September, booked 63 days in advance, depart on a Wednesday or Sunday and return on a Monday

Cheap flight deals from Boston to Rio de Janeiro

Cheapest flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on December 12, 2025.

This United Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/10. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure United Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Sun 12/213:22 pmBOS - GIG
1 stop16h 13mUnited Airlines
Thu 1/159:55 pmGIG - BOS
1 stop22h 06mUnited Airlines
Deal found 12/10$578
This Copa Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/10. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Copa Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Thu 12/112:44 pmBOS - GIG
1 stop15h 16mCopa Airlines
Thu 12/189:55 amGIG - BOS
1 stop14h 45mCopa Airlines
Deal found 12/10$644
This United Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/10. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure United Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Thu 12/111:35 pmBOS - GIG
2 stops18h 00mUnited Airlines
Thu 12/189:55 pmGIG - BOS
1 stop25h 34mUnited Airlines
Deal found 12/10$745
This LATAM Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/10. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure LATAM Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Mon 12/155:13 pmBOS - GIG
2 stops22h 27mLATAM Airlines
Wed 1/218:45 amGIG - BOS
2 stops23h 50mLATAM Airlines
Deal found 12/10$750
This Copa Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/11. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Copa Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Mon 12/157:34 amBOS - GIG
1 stop14h 56mCopa Airlines
Sat 12/201:30 amGIG - BOS
1 stop13h 54mCopa Airlines
Deal found 12/11$760
This KAYAK deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/11. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure KAYAK is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Mon 12/222:44 pmBOS - GIG
1 stop15h 16mCopa Airlines
Tue 12/305:10 amGIG - BOS
1 stop19h 30mCopa Airlines
Deal found 12/11$779
This Copa Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/11. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Copa Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Fri 12/122:44 pmBOS - GIG
1 stop15h 16mCopa Airlines
Wed 12/315:10 amGIG - BOS
1 stop19h 30mCopa Airlines
Deal found 12/11$834
This Copa Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/10. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Copa Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Mon 12/157:34 amBOS - GIG
1 stop14h 56mCopa Airlines
Wed 1/2110:10 amGIG - BOS
1 stop13h 53mCopa Airlines
Deal found 12/10$835
This American Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/10. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure American Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Sun 12/148:00 amBOS - GIG
1 stop23h 25mAmerican Airlines
Tue 12/167:05 pmGIG - BOS
2 stops16h 30mAmerican Airlines
Deal found 12/10$905
This oojo deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/11. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure oojo is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Mon 12/157:50 pmBOS - SDU
2 stops39h 25mMultiple Airlines
Sun 12/214:10 pmSDU - BOS
1 stop16h 25mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 12/11$1,278
This United Airlines deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/11. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure United Airlines is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Mon 12/1510:40 amBOS - SDU
2 stops25h 30mUnited Airlines
Sun 12/212:50 pmSDU - BOS
2 stops35h 04mUnited Airlines
Deal found 12/11$1,335
This Trip.com deal was found by Cheapflights users on 12/11. Clicking the “Pick Dates” button in this card will allow you to select your dates and further customize your flight criteria. From there, click “Find deals”, make sure Trip.com is selected, and click “Compare selected” under the list of providers to see comparable flight deals.
Tue 12/1612:39 pmBOS - SDU
2 stops20h 01mMultiple Airlines
Tue 1/138:25 pmSDU - BOS
2 stops26h 26mMultiple Airlines
Deal found 12/11$1,336

Find flight deals from Boston to Rio de Janeiro

Discover tips and strategies to find the most affordable flight options for your journey from Boston (BOS) to Rio de Janeiro (RIO). Learn about various techniques such as flexible date searches, comparing prices across and setting up price alerts. Use these methods to find the cheapest flights available for your travel needs. Data last updated December 12, 2025.

Most accurate provider

Justfly.com
3 stars

Most trusted provider

Justfly.com
3 stars

Round-trip from

$555
(Copa Airlines)

One-way from

$293
(American Airlines)

Popular in

December

Cheapest in

October

Average price

$1,127
Provider with most accurate pricing for Boston Logan Intl-Rio de Janeiro (RIO) flight deals.
Search Deals
Provider most trusted by Cheapflights users for Boston Logan Intl-Rio de Janeiro (RIO) flights.
Search Deals
From Boston Logan Intl to Rio de Janeiro (RIO)
Search Deals
One-way flight from Boston Logan Intl to Rio de Janeiro (RIO)
Search Deals
Highest demand for flights based on searches. 6% potential increase in price ($56 potential increase over avg. RT price).
Search Deals
Cheapest flight prices on average. 3% potential price decrease ($26 potential savings vs. average RT price).
Search Deals
Average for round-trip flights in December 2025
Search Deals

Cheapflights Fare Finder

 
Customize your flight search to find flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro that fit within your specific budget. Explore options based on user searches and filter the results based on your desired price range. Find flights that match your budget for a cost-effective journey. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 2,558,603 searches. Data last updated December 12, 2025.
Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro that are best for you.

Fly from

Boston

Fly to

Rio de Janeiro

Route

Depart

Return

Price

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Thu 3/12

4:05 pm-8:00 am

1 stop14h 55m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Mon 3/23

5:10 am-11:10 pm

1 stop19h 00m

$555

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Sat 1/24

7:31 am-12:30 am

1 stop14h 59m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Sat 2/7

5:10 am-10:03 pm

1 stop18h 53m

$560

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Mon 3/9

4:05 pm-8:00 am

1 stop14h 55m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Fri 3/20

5:10 am-11:10 pm

1 stop19h 00m

$574

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Sun 12/21

3:22 pm-9:35 am

1 stop16h 13m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Thu 1/15

9:55 pm-6:01 pm

1 stop22h 06m

$578

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Mon 1/19

7:05 am-9:35 am

1 stop24h 30m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Thu 1/29

9:55 pm-5:14 pm

2 stops21h 19m

$583

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Sun 1/18

7:05 am-9:35 am

1 stop24h 30m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Sun 1/25

9:55 pm-6:57 pm

2 stops23h 02m

$583

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Mon 1/19

7:05 am-9:35 am

1 stop24h 30m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Sun 1/25

9:55 pm-6:57 pm

2 stops23h 02m

$583

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Sun 1/18

7:05 am-9:35 am

1 stop24h 30m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Thu 1/29

9:55 pm-9:52 pm

2 stops25h 57m

$583

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Mon 3/2

3:05 pm-8:00 am

1 stop14h 55m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Wed 3/25

10:10 am-11:10 pm

1 stop14h 00m

$586

BostonRio de Janeiro

BOS - GIG

BOSGIG

Boston Logan Intl

Tue 3/10

12:07 pm-9:35 am

2 stops20h 28m

Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl

Tue 3/24

8:55 pm-3:16 pm

2 stops19h 21m

$592

Flights are sorted by cheapest round-trip flights first.

Deals found on 12/9

Showing 1-10 of 44 results
1
2
3
...
5

Compare providers for flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro

Provider information is updated monthly. Please note that these providers often have deals for this flight, but the availability may vary on a day-by-day basis on Cheapflights.
Use the table below to compare price accuracy, trust ratings, and cancellation policies for each provider offering flight deals from Boston to Rio de Janeiro in December.
ProviderPrice AccuracyTrust Score*
ExpediaPrice Accuracy2 starsTrust Score*3 stars
FlightHubPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*1 star
eDreamsPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars
AranGrantPrice Accuracy2 starsTrust Score*3 stars
OvagoPrice Accuracy2 starsTrust Score*2 stars
business-class.comPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars
Justfly.comPrice Accuracy3 starsTrust Score*3 stars
CheapfaremartPrice Accuracy-Trust Score*1 star
JustAirTicketPrice Accuracy-Trust Score*1 star
SmartFaresPrice Accuracy1 starTrust Score*1 star

*The Trust Score is based on feedback from users after their booking experience. It measures overall satisfaction, helping us identify issues like hidden fees, problems during the ticketing process, and the quality of customer service. This score is our best indicator of the provider's quality and reliability.

  • Most accurate provider: When it comes to deals on Boston-Rio de Janeiro flights, users find the pricing of Justfly.com to be most consistent on Cheapflights vs. Justfly.com Users can find the same prices on Boston-Rio de Janeiro flight deals on Cheapflights vs. Justfly.com >95% of the time. Price accuracy is based on data collected from Boston-Rio de Janeiro flight searches over the past month and is updated monthly.
  • Most trusted provider: When it comes to deals on Boston-Rio de Janeiro flights, Cheapflights users trust Justfly.com the most. Justfly.com has received a user feedback score of 3 out of 3 stars (3 being the best), meaning they have been trusted the most by Cheapflights users looking for Boston-Rio de Janeiro flight deals. Provider user feedback score is based on Cheapflights searches over the past month and is updated monthly.

Best time to book a flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to Rio de Janeiro from Boston with our price prediction graph.
Estimated round-trip price
Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro

How far ahead should I book a flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Use this chart to determine the optimal time to book a round-trip flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Price data was last updated on December 5, 2025.

The best time to book flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro is 63 days before your desired departure date. The cost of your flight will likely increase significantly if you book two weeks in advance of your flight.

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Currently, April is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro (average of $441). Flying from Boston to Rio de Janeiro in July is currently the most expensive (average of $735). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from BOS to RIO?

Find hourly flight availability from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated December 12, 2025.

One of the essential ways to save on airfare from Boston to Rio de Janeiro is to remain as flexible as possible. Flights that are in the afternoon tend to be the most expensive. A flight in the evening could potentially save you up to 13% on airfare.

What is the cheapest day to fly from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Use this chart to determine the cheapest time to fly round-trip from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Price data was last updated on December 16, 2024.

Travelers seeking maximum savings on their Boston to Rio de Janeiro flight should consider departing on Friday evenings when fares are most often at their lowest. Saturday at noon flights should be avoided if possible as fares are typically the most expensive at this time.

What’s the top layover airport for flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Share of 1-stop round-trip flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro chosen by Cheapflights users in the past 12 months, using the same layover each way.

New York (JFK) – chosen by Cheapflights users on 50% of 1-stop itineraries from Boston to Rio de Janeiro on Cheapflights.

What’s the cheapest layover airport for flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Average round-trip fare for 1-stop flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro, chosen by Cheapflights users in the past 12 months, with the same layover each way.

Panama City (PTY) is the most affordable 1-stop option, with an average round-trip price of $741.

What’s the fastest layover option from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Shortest average travel time for 1-stop one-way flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro, based on itineraries clicked by Cheapflights users over the past 12 months, grouped by layover airport.

Flights via New York (JFK) have the shortest average one-way travel time for 1-stop routes: 12h 11m.

Which airport typically offers the quickest layover for flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

Average layover duration for 1-stop one-way flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro, chosen by Cheapflights users in the last 12 months, grouped by stopover airport.

Flights via New York (JFK) offer the fastest connection on this route, with an average layover time of 1h 38m.

Reviews of airlines servicing Rio de Janeiro

Get insights into the airlines that provide service to Rio de Janeiro. Read reviews, discover amenities, and learn about the overall travel experience offered by airlines. Use this information to make informed decisions when choosing an airline for your flight to Rio de Janeiro. Reviews last updated December 12, 2025.
Read reviews from past customers who have flown Delta, Copa Airlines, and LATAM Airlines from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Users can see the overall rating for each airline as well as how each is rated in terms of entertainment options, comfort, food, crew/service, and boarding process.
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews

Entertainment

7.9

Crew

8.5

Boarding

8.1

Overall

7.9

Food

7.3

Comfort

7.9

Reviews

1 / 20
6.0
Good

Jim,Nov 2025

AVL - ATL

The exit row seats without a seat in front are great for leg room but don’t have a fold out entertainment console so you’re forced to use the screen several feet in front of you (there is, at least, a remote). Best to bring a tablet loaded with entertainment or a book.
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews

Entertainment

7.9

Crew

8.5

Boarding

8.1

Overall

7.9

Food

7.3

Comfort

7.9

Reviews

1 / 20
6.0
Good

Jim,Nov 2025

AVL - ATL

The exit row seats without a seat in front are great for leg room but don’t have a fold out entertainment console so you’re forced to use the screen several feet in front of you (there is, at least, a remote). Best to bring a tablet loaded with entertainment or a book.
Copa Airlines
7.6
Good
1,558 reviews
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews

Entertainment

7.9

Crew

8.5

Boarding

8.1

Overall

7.9

Food

7.3

Comfort

7.9

Reviews

1 / 20
6.0
Good

Jim,Nov 2025

AVL - ATL

The exit row seats without a seat in front are great for leg room but don’t have a fold out entertainment console so you’re forced to use the screen several feet in front of you (there is, at least, a remote). Best to bring a tablet loaded with entertainment or a book.
LATAM Airlines
7.5
Good
1,889 reviews
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews

Entertainment

7.9

Crew

8.5

Boarding

8.1

Overall

7.9

Food

7.3

Comfort

7.9

Reviews

1 / 20
6.0
Good

Jim,Nov 2025

AVL - ATL

The exit row seats without a seat in front are great for leg room but don’t have a fold out entertainment console so you’re forced to use the screen several feet in front of you (there is, at least, a remote). Best to bring a tablet loaded with entertainment or a book.
GOL
7.3
Good
1,126 reviews
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews

Entertainment

7.9

Crew

8.5

Boarding

8.1

Overall

7.9

Food

7.3

Comfort

7.9

Reviews

1 / 20
6.0
Good

Jim,Nov 2025

AVL - ATL

The exit row seats without a seat in front are great for leg room but don’t have a fold out entertainment console so you’re forced to use the screen several feet in front of you (there is, at least, a remote). Best to bring a tablet loaded with entertainment or a book.
American Airlines
7.2
Good
11,048 reviews
Delta
7.9
Good
8,009 reviews

Entertainment

7.9

Crew

8.5

Boarding

8.1

Overall

7.9

Food

7.3

Comfort

7.9

Reviews

1 / 20
6.0
Good

Jim,Nov 2025

AVL - ATL

The exit row seats without a seat in front are great for leg room but don’t have a fold out entertainment console so you’re forced to use the screen several feet in front of you (there is, at least, a remote). Best to bring a tablet loaded with entertainment or a book.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.

  • What airport do you fly from for flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

    Located just 2.6 mi from the city center, Boston Logan Intl is the airport most travelers will use when flying to Rio de Janeiro from Boston. Booking flights from Logan Intl (BOS) to Rio de Janeiro should be relatively easy as there are 0 daily outbound flights to Rio de Janeiro from 7 different airlines.

  • How long is the flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

    There are many flights that can get you from Boston to Rio de Janeiro in 14h 55m. Fly via Copa Airlines, United Airlines, or Air Canada to get the fastest option. There are 4835 mi between Boston and Rio de Janeiro. This flight may include one or multiple stops.

  • What are the cheapest airlines flying from Boston to Rio de Janeiro round-trip?

    Copa Airlines, at $462, was found to be the cheapest airline from Boston to Rio de Janeiro.Alternate airlines to your destination round-trip include United Airlines and Avianca. Users have found that Copa Airlines is 45% cheaper than the other options available to this destination.

  • What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Boston to Rio de Janeiro one-way?

    The cheapest airlines for a one-way flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro are Copa Airlines ($249), GOL ($311), and American Airlines ($316).

  • Can I find deals for flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro that include hotel bookings?

    Yes. In addition to deals on Boston to Rio de Janeiro flights, Cheapflights offers vacation packages that include both flights and hotel.

  • How can I find direct flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

    After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro.

  • Can I find deals for business class flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

    Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Boston to Rio de Janeiro by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

  • What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro?

    Currently, April is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Boston to Rio de Janeiro (average of $441). Flying from Boston to Rio de Janeiro in July is currently the most expensive (average of $735). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

See more FAQs

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for Boston to Rio de Janeiro

See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.
Boston to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl flights
Boston to Santos Dumont flights
Hartford to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Intl flights

Top 7 airlines flying from Boston to Rio de Janeiro

Discover the top 7 airlines that operate flights from Boston to Rio de Janeiro. Compare their services, reliability, and customer satisfaction ratings to choose the airline that best suits your travel preferences and needs. Over the last 7 days, Cheapflights users made 2,558,603 searches. Data last updated December 12, 2025.
AirlineCheapestAverageFlexibilityOn-time
Copa AirlinesCheapest$533Average$684FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time70%
United AirlinesCheapest$542Average$909FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time69%
AviancaCheapest$565Average$634FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time71%
DeltaCheapest$603Average$864FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-timeN/A
American AirlinesCheapest$637Average$939FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time71%
LATAM AirlinesCheapest$664Average$833FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time81%
GOLCheapest$691Average$938FlexibilityNo cancel feeOn-time74%

100% Free

Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.

Book with Flexibility

Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees

Travel Smart

Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.